Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
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Online Publication Date: 21 May 2020

A New Rupicolous Species of the Pristimantis conspicillatus Group (Anura: Brachycephaloidea: Craugastoridae) from Central Bahia, Brazil

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Page Range: 245 – 257
DOI: 10.1670/19-114
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Abstract

We describe a new frog species of the megadiverse genus Pristimantis from the Chapada Diamantina, a regional designation of the Espinhaço mountain range in the state of Bahia, northeastern Brazil. We assign the new species to the genus Pristimantis, P. conspicillatus group, based on its phylogenetic position. This is the second rupicolous species of Pristimantis and the fourth species inhabiting northeastern Brazil. The new species is characterized by the following combination of characters: 1) dorsum background color light brown to yellowish-brown, maculated with blackish-brown marks, resembling a granite rock surface; 2) dorsum granular; 3) venter areolate; 4) dentigerous process of the vomer ovoid; 5) snout rounded or truncate in dorsal view; 6) snout rounded in profile; 7) dorsolateral folds absent; 8) finger fringes absent; 9) toe fringes weakly developed; 10) double, poorly developed nuptial pads; 11) vocal slits present in the male; 12) advertisement call composed of one note; 13) call duration 0.011–0.086 s; 14) dominant frequency varying from 2.41 to 3.49 kHz; and 15) decreasing amplitude modulation from the beginning to the end of call. We recovered the new species outside the clade containing the other three nominal species of Pristimantis from northeastern Brazil, as the sister species of P. gaigei, a species from Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia. The new species seems to be restricted to the high-elevation areas (870–1,800 m a.s.l.) of the Chapada Diamantina, Central Bahia, Brazil. Both the genus Pristimantis and the P. conspicillatus group still lack morphological synapomorphies, and a thorough systematic review based on a stringent phylogenetic hypothesis is necessary for a better understanding of the evolution of these important lineages of Neotropical frogs.

Resumo

Descrevemos uma nova espécie de rã pertencente ao megadiverso gênero Pristimantis, oriunda da Chapada Diamantina, designação regional da Serra do Espinhaço no estado da Bahia, nordeste do Brasil. Atribuímos a nova espécie ao gênero Pristimantis, grupo de P. conspicillatus, com base em sua posição filogenética. Esta é a segunda espécie rupícola do gênero Pristimantis e a quarta do nordeste brasileiro. A nova espécie é caracterizada pela seguinte combinação de caracteres: 1) Coloração de fundo marrom claro a marrom-amarelado, maculada por marcas marrom-escuras, assemelhando-se à superfície de rocha granítica; 2) dorso granulado; 3) ventre areolado; 4) processo dentígero do vômer ovoide; 5) focinho arredondado ou truncado em vista dorsal; 6) arredondado em vista lateral; 7) pregas dorsolaterais ausentes; 8) fímbrias nos dedos ausentes; 9) fímbrias nos artelhos pouco desenvolvidas; 10) calosidade nupcial dupla, pouco desenvolvida; 11) fendas vocais presentes; 12) canto de anúncio composto por uma única nota; 13) duração do canto 0.011–0.086 s; 14) frequência dominante variando de 2.41 a 3.49 kHz; and 15) pico de amplitude no começo do canto, decrescendo ao longo do mesmo até alcançar o final. A nova espécie foi recuperada fora do clado que contém as outras três espécies nominais de Pristimantis do Nordeste brasileiro, como espécie irmã de P. gaigei, uma espécie da Costa Rica, Panamá e Colômbia, e parece estar restrita a áreas elevadas (870–1,800 m a.s.l.) da Chapada Diamantina, região central do estado da Bahia, Brasil. Tanto o gênero Pristimantis quanto o grupo de P. conspicillatus ainda carecem de sinapomorfias morfológicas, e uma revisão taxonômica baseada em uma hipótese filogenética robusta é necessária para melhor compreender a evolução destas importantes linhagens de rãs neotropicais.

Copyright: Copyright 2020 Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles 2020
<sc>Fig. 1</sc>
Fig. 1

The 50% majority rule consensus tree from Bayesian inference of partial 16S showing Pristimantis rupicola sp. nov. and its relationships within the P. conspicillatus group (highlighted in gray). Numbers above branches indicate posterior probabilities, and numbers below branches indicate maximum likelihood nonparametric bootstrap values. We used nc when the clade was not recovered in the maximum likelihood analysis and within-species support values are not shown.


<sc>Fig. 2</sc>
Fig. 2

Three specimens of Pristimantis rupicola sp. nov. in life. (A) Individual lying on a rock and showing its highly camouflaged dorsal pattern (not collected). (B) Paratypes of P. rupicolus sp. nov. (MZFS-DAR 4460–4461, adult male and adult female, respectively) showing the bluish-tone eye present in some specimens. Photo credits: (A) F. Leal; (B) D. J. Santana.


<sc>Fig. 3</sc>
Fig. 3

Holotype of Pristimantis rupicola sp. nov. (UFMG 20558). (A) Dorsal view, (B) ventral view, (C) snout in profile, (D) left hand, and (E) left foot in ventral views. Scale bar = 5 mm (A and B) and 2 mm (C–E).


<sc>Fig. 4</sc>
Fig. 4

Advertisement call of Pristimantis rupicola sp. nov. recorded in the municipalities of Rio de Contas and Ipupiara, state of Bahia, Brazil, on 12 January 2010 and 12–15 December 2017. Spectrogram (above), power spectrum (right side) featuring the dominant frequency of the call, and oscillogram (below) of (A) one call (= one short note) without pulses (FSFL 11, adult male); (B) one call (= one short note) having four pulses (FSFL 4); and (C) one call (= one long note) having pulses of irregular duration (FSFL 10).


<sc>Fig. 5</sc>
Fig. 5

Geographic distribution of Pristimantis rupicola sp. nov. Black circle indicates the type locality (Vale do Queiroz, Serra das Almas, municipality of Rio de Contas, state of Bahia, Brazil).


Contributor Notes

Corresponding author. E-mail: pedrotaucce@gmail.com
Accepted: 04 Feb 2019
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