Extended Vocal Repertoire in Hypsiboas punctatus (Anura: Hylidae)
Male Hypsiboas punctatus emit seven different types of calls: three consist of repeated trains of notes, and four are single-note calls with frequency modulation. Behavioral observations allowed assigning the calls to specific functions: (1) and (2) advertisement calls (short and long duration), (3) territorial signaling, (4) courtship interactions, (5)–(7) aggressive interactions (aggressive, fighting, and release calls). All calls consist of a single note and possess harmonic structure. The harmonic structure from the advertisement call suggests a missing fundamental frequency. Advertisement calls exhibit inter- and intraindividual variation in the dominant frequency. Our results indicate that previous comparisons among vocalizations of H. punctatus were based on different types of calls.Abstract
Vocal repertoire of Hypsiboas punctatus. Waveforms are shown on top of each call type, sound spectrogram on the bottom. (A) Short advertisement call (SAC); (B) territorial call (TC); (C) long advertisement call (LAC); (D) courtship call, (E) aggressive call, (F) release call and fighting call, at left and on the right, respectively. Insets (A)–(C): expanded waveform of one note, showing poorly resolved pulses in SAC and LAC (A) and (C), and an absence of pulses in TC (B). Arrowheads indicate different pulses within aggressive (E) and fighting calls [(F), right side].
Call variation in short advertisement calls of Hypsiboas punctatus. Sound spectrograms are shown on top of each call, power spectrum on the bottom. Arrows indicate harmonics (f) of higher intensity, which correspond to (A) f7–f8, (B) f2–f3, (C) f2–f5, and (D) similar intensities in the harmonics f2–f5 and f7–f9. Note that most nonemphasized harmonics are hardly distinguishable.
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